Goethe: The Subjective Experience of Colour (Part 2)

One of the most distinctive aspects of Goethe's colour theory is his emphasis on the subjective experience of colour. Unlike the purely physical approach of Isaac Newton, who regarded colour as a measurable phenomenon of light waves, Goethe focused on how colour is perceived and experienced by humans. He argued that colour is not only a physical phenomenon but also a psychological and emotional one, deeply intertwined with our perception and feelings.

Colour as a Perceptual Phenomenon

Goethe's approach to colour is rooted in phenomenology, a philosophical movement focused on studying phenomena as they are experienced by consciousness. He believed that colour arises through the interaction between light, darkness and the observer. This means colour is not only a property of objects or light, but also depends on context and the viewer's perception.

Examples of Subjective Colour Experiences

1. Afterimages:
   • Goethe observed that when we look at a brightly coloured shape and then shift our gaze to a white background, we see a complementary colour. This phenomenon, known as an afterimage, illustrates how our eyes and brain process colour.
   • Example: After looking at a red circle, we see a green afterimage.
2. Colours in Shadows:
   • Goethe discovered that shadows appear coloured when illuminated by differently coloured light sources. This phenomenon highlights the role of context in our colour perception.
3. Atmospheric Colour:
   • He observed how atmospheric conditions, such as mist or twilight, change the colours of objects. This effect, which he called "aerial perspective," shows how colour depends on the surrounding environment.

The Psychological Dimension of Colour

Goethe believed that colours have a direct influence on our emotions and moods. He linked specific colours to particular psychological and emotional states. This idea later formed the basis for modern colour psychology.

Goethe's Colour Symbolism

1. Yellow:
   • Yellow is associated with warmth, joy and energy. Goethe described it as an "active and stimulating" colour that evokes a sense of happiness.
2. Blue:
   • Blue is associated with calm, melancholy and introspection. Goethe called it a "passive and calming" colour.
3. Red:
   • Red symbolises passion, strength and vitality. It is an intense colour that can evoke both excitement and danger.
4. Green:
   • Green is seen as a harmonious and balanced colour, bringing calm and stability.
5. Purple:
   • Purple combines the properties of red and blue and is associated with mysticism and spirituality.